Top 400 Regional Markets — Europe

@@ -12,545 +12,174 @@ quality: complete
status: active
audience: customer-woodfine
bcsc_class: current-fact
short_description: "Set of 399 verified distinct European Regional Markets across 400 list positions (one position vacant pending a genuine 400th entry) under the corrected suburban-regional methodology. No rank or score is published; Chemnitz is one entry (suburb of Dresden, 64 km)."
short_description: "The 400 European Regional Markets published from a 650-market qualifying pool under the 2026-08-07 dataset, across fifteen countries. No rank or score is published; country tables carry the market-level detail."
paired_with: markets/atlas-top-400-europe.es.md
last_edited: 2026-08-26
last_edited: 2026-09-06
editor: editorial
---

**Pending rebuild (2026-08-17).** A newer dataset covering 800 regional markets across Europe and North America is under internal review and is not yet reflected in the table below. The table below still describes the prior 11-country selection, which included Germany, France, and Netherlands. The new selection excludes Germany, France, and Netherlands entirely — a deliberate methodology change, not a data gap — and covers 15 different countries instead: Italy, the United Kingdom, Spain, Poland, Sweden, Hungary, Finland, Czechia, Romania, Denmark, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Croatia, Norway, and Greece. The Germany, France, and Netherlands index pages and their city profiles are retired accordingly. Publication against the new dataset is on hold pending confirmation.
Four hundred European markets clear the co-location composition gates and are published in this
set. They are drawn from a qualifying pool of 650 and span fifteen countries. A *Regional Market* is
a named settlement whose retail co-location clusters together satisfy an anchor-composition test.
Markets enter this set by that test, not by a published rank or score.

Chemnitz, a suburb of Dresden 64 km from the metropolitan core, is one of the four hundred European Regional Markets in this set — three Tier 1 clusters combined with civic-anchor infrastructure. The set spans 11 countries, with Germany contributing 124 of 400 markets; the polycentric character of the German urban system and dense suburban retail development across the Rhine-Ruhr, Rhine-Neckar, and Saxon-Thuringian corridors produce the deepest suburban tier in Europe. A *Regional Market* is a named suburb or satellite municipality within commuting distance of a major European metropolitan centre that contains one or more retail co-location clusters; markets qualify for this set by anchor-composition gate, not by a published rank or score.
The set identifies commercial markets outside the metropolitan cores that institutional
metro-market research already covers, and outside genuinely rural areas. It is produced separately
from lists of metro cores and standalone secondary cities. The two continents are scored and
selected as two series, not one combined list.

The list identifies commercial markets in the suburban ring of major European cities — the research gap between institutional metro-market analysis (covered extensively by established economic-research and commercial real estate advisory firms) and genuinely rural areas. It is produced separately from lists of metro cores and standalone secondary cities.
**Rebuilt (2026-09-06).** This page was rebuilt against the 2026-08-07 dataset, confirmed with the
originating geospatial analysis team on 2026-09-06. The prior version described an eleven-country
selection that included Germany, France, and the Netherlands. Those three countries are excluded
from the current methodology, locked 2026-06-30 — a deliberate methodology change, not a data gap.
Their index pages and city profiles were retired accordingly. The country counts, cluster counts,
and reference distances below all come from the confirmed dataset.

## Country breakouts

Seven countries have enough entries to warrant their own dedicated market page: Germany (124 markets), France (102), [[atlas-united-kingdom|United Kingdom]] (81), [[atlas-spain|Spain]] (22), [[atlas-italy|Italy]] (21), [[atlas-poland|Poland]] (16), and Netherlands (14). Austria, Denmark, Sweden, and Portugal (7, 5, 4, and 3 markets respectively) stay in the Country Breakdown table below and the full market table — a dedicated page isn't warranted at those counts.
Seven of the fifteen countries have a dedicated country page today:
[[atlas-italy|Italy]], [[atlas-spain|Spain]], [[atlas-united-kingdom|United Kingdom]],
[[atlas-poland|Poland]], [[atlas-croatia|Croatia]], [[atlas-norway|Norway]], and
[[atlas-greece|Greece]]. Each lists that country's own entries with the metropolitan reference
point and cluster composition for every market. The eight remaining countries — Sweden, Czechia,
Finland, Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Denmark — appear in the Country Breakdown table
below; their dedicated pages are pending.

This page carries the continental summary. It does not repeat the four hundred individual entries,
which are read a country at a time on the pages above.

## Definition and Scope

A European Regional Market qualifies for this list when it meets three criteria. First, the settlement must contain at least one co-location cluster. Second, the settlement must be a named municipality whose name differs from that of its nearest major metropolitan reference centre. Third, the centroid of the settlement's clusters must lie between 15 and 80 kilometres from the nearest major European metropolitan reference point; markets closer than 15 kilometres are classified as metro-core areas and markets beyond 80 kilometres are classified as standalone secondary cities — both excluded from this list.
A European Regional Market qualifies when it meets the composition test set out below, applied to
the union of all co-location clusters within a single named settlement. The settlement must be a
named municipality whose name differs from that of its metropolitan reference point.

The geographic coherence constraint requires that all co-location clusters within a single named
settlement lie within a 200-kilometre bounding box. Settlements failing this constraint are
name-collision aggregations and are excluded.

The geographic coherence constraint requires that all co-location clusters within a single named settlement lie within a 200-kilometre bounding box. Settlements failing this constraint are name-collision aggregations and are excluded.
The metropolitan reference point recorded for each market is the nearest major metropolitan centre
in the framework's continental reference set. The distance is a straight-line measurement, not a
drive-time or commuting estimate. It is not a claim that the market functions as a commuter suburb
of that centre, and it is not a qualification threshold — distance is recorded, not gated.

## Qualification Method

No rank or score is published for any market in this set. A market qualifies when its co-location clusters clear one of three anchor-composition gates: a hypermarket anchor plus at least two of {hardware, price club, lifestyle, electronics, sport}; a hypermarket-plus-hardware anchor pair present across at least two distinct clusters; or that same hypermarket-plus-hardware condition applied to a geographically isolated market. A composite score exists internally to support selection but is never surfaced to a reader.
No rank or score is published for any market in this set. A market qualifies under one of three
composition gates. A **Regional Market** carries a hypermarket anchor plus at least two of
{hardware, price club, lifestyle, electronics, sport}, unioned across the market's member clusters.
A **District Anchor** carries a hypermarket and hardware anchor with no other optional category,
across at least two distinct clusters. A **Standalone Regional Centre** meets that same condition
in a market isolated from any other qualifying market beyond the outer geographic band.

Of the four hundred European entries, 399 qualify as Regional Markets and one as a District Anchor.
No European entry qualifies as a Standalone Regional Centre.

Selection from the qualifying pool takes the highest-scoring 400 per continent, with no per-country
budget. A small per-country minimum floor prevents a country with real qualifying markets from
being excluded outright, but does not otherwise affect ordering. A composite score supports that
selection internally and is never surfaced to a reader. The published order is alphabetical, not
ordinal. The per-country counts below are therefore an observed result of the cutoff, not a quota.

Catchment population and consumer-spend figures accompany each market as descriptive context. They
take no part in selection. Population is negatively correlated with the composition score in every
country tested, so selecting on population would systematically replace genuine regional markets
with dense metro-fringe suburbs.

The three cluster tiers referenced in the table below describe progressively richer combinations of European retail anchor categories. *Tier 1* (T1) clusters contain a hypermarket anchor (Kaufland, Globus, Carrefour, Auchan, or equivalent) alongside a hardware anchor (Hornbach, Bauhaus, Leroy Merlin, or equivalent) and at minimum one additional anchor category (electronics, warehouse club, or sporting goods). *Tier 2* (T2) clusters contain a hypermarket and a hardware anchor. *Tier 3* (T3) clusters contain a single recognised anchor.
The three cluster tiers referenced below describe progressively richer combinations of European
retail anchor categories. *Tier 1* (T1) clusters contain a hypermarket anchor alongside a hardware
anchor and at least one further anchor category. *Tier 2* (T2) clusters contain a hypermarket and a
hardware anchor. *Tier 3* (T3) clusters contain a single recognised anchor.

## European Retail Profile

European T1 cluster compositions differ meaningfully from North American ones. In German and Central European markets, the T1 triad is typically anchored by Kaufland or Globus (hypermarket), Hornbach or Bauhaus (hardware), and MediaMarkt or Saturn (electronics). In French and Belgian markets, the hypermarket role is filled by Carrefour, Auchan, or Leclerc, with Leroy Merlin or Brico Dépôt as hardware anchor. In the United Kingdom, Tesco Extra or Sainsbury's Superstore anchors the hypermarket position, with Wickes or B&Q as hardware anchor. Spanish and Italian markets are represented at lower density due to thinner OSM retail-anchor coverage.

## Suburban Geography

The list spans 399 verified distinct markets across 11 European countries, occupying 399 of 400 list positions (one position is vacant — see the data correction note in the Country Breakdown section). Germany leads with 124 markets, reflecting the polycentric character of the German urban system and dense suburban retail development in the Rhine-Ruhr, Rhine-Neckar, and Saxon-Thuringian corridors. France contributes 102 markets, the United Kingdom 81, Spain 22, Italy 21, Poland 16, and the Netherlands 14.

The metropolitan areas generating the most qualifying suburbs are London (14), Paris (14), Stuttgart (12), and Le Havre (9). The Rhine-Ruhr system — encompassing Düsseldorf, Essen, Cologne, and Dortmund — collectively generates over 30 qualifying suburbs across multiple reference metro centroids.

**Correction (2026-08-02):** summing this page's own table rows for these four
cities (Düsseldorf 4, Essen 4, Cologne 5, Dortmund 4) gives 17, not "over 30" — a
~76% overstatement. **Flagged, not resolved.**

## Sample of 25

A sample of twenty-five European Regional Markets is listed below, with the metropolitan centre each market is a suburb of. This is a sample, not a ranked top tier — the full set of 400 continues in the Appendix.

| Market | Country | Suburb of | km | T1 | T2 | T3 | Civic |
|--------|---------|-----------|----|----|----|----|-------|
| Chemnitz, Stadt | DE | Dresden | 64 | 3 | 0 | 0 | Yes |
| Ingolstadt | DE | Regensburg | 56 | 2 | 0 | 1 | Yes |
| Dessau-Roßlau, Stadt | DE | Halle | 44 | 2 | 0 | 0 | Yes |
| Kaiserslautern, Stadt | DE | Mannheim | 54 | 2 | 0 | 0 | Yes |
| Krefeld, Stadt | DE | Düsseldorf | 19 | 2 | 0 | 0 | Yes |
| [[pl-bielsko-biala|Bielsko-Biała]] | PL | Katowice | 48 | 2 | 0 | 0 | Yes |
| Zwickau, Stadt | DE | Leipzig | 69 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Yes |
| Radom | PL | Kielce | 69 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Yes |
| Fife | GB | Edinburgh | 19 | 0 | 3 | 1 | Yes |
| Milton Keynes | GB | Luton | 27 | 1 | 0 | 2 | Yes |
| Duisburg, Stadt | DE | Essen | 17 | 1 | 0 | 2 | Yes |
| Bremerhaven, Stadt | DE | Bremen | 54 | 1 | 0 | 2 | Yes |
| Murcia | ES | Alicante | 72 | 1 | 0 | 2 | Yes |
| Hertsmere | GB | London | 22 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Yes |
| Auch | FR | Toulouse | 69 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Yes |
| Beauvais | FR | Amiens | 54 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Yes |
| Jena, Stadt | DE | Halle | 68 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Yes |
| Heilbronn, Universitätsstadt | DE | Stuttgart | 40 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Yes |
| Brandenburg an der Havel, Stadt | DE | Berlin | 57 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Yes |
| Heidelberg, Stadt | DE | Mannheim | 19 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Yes |
| Worms, Stadt | DE | Mannheim | 19 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Yes |
| Stade, Hansestadt | DE | Hamburg | 37 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Yes |
| Villingen-Schwenningen, Stadt | DE | Freiburg | 48 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Yes |
| Asti | IT | Turin | 45 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Yes |
| Toruń | PL | Bydgoszcz | 45 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Yes |

## Appendix: Additional Markets (26–400)

### Markets 26–29

| Market | Country | Suburb of | T1 | T2 | T3 |
|--------|---------|-----------|----|----|----|
| Częstochowa | PL | Katowice | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Wiltshire | GB | Bath | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Cheshire East | GB | Manchester | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Randers | DK | Aarhus | 0 | 3 | 0 |

### Markets 30–55

| Market | Country | Suburb of | T1 | T2 | T3 |
|--------|---------|-----------|----|----|----|
| Hillingdon | GB | London | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Derby | GB | Nottingham | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| [[gb-eng-chester|Cheshire West and Chester]] | GB | Wigan | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Chambéry | FR | Grenoble | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Albi | FR | Toulouse | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Cambrai | FR | Valenciennes | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Osny | FR | Paris | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Montauban | FR | Toulouse | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Quimper | FR | Brest | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Mulhouse | FR | Colmar | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Rosenheim | DE | Munich | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Bamberg | DE | Nürnberg | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Neubrandenburg, Stadt | DE | Cottbus | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Potsdam, Stadt | DE | Berlin | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Wuppertal, Stadt | DE | Essen | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Landshut | DE | Regensburg | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Paderborn, Stadt | DE | Bielefeld | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Hanau, Brüder-Grimm-Stadt | DE | Frankfurt | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Limburg a.d. Lahn, Kreisstadt | DE | Wiesbaden | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Erlangen | DE | Nürnberg | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Siegen, Universitätsstadt | DE | Cologne | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Reutlingen, Stadt | DE | Stuttgart | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Crailsheim, Stadt | DE | Stuttgart | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Gijón | ES | Oviedo | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Durham | GB | Newcastle | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| East Riding of Yorkshire | GB | Leeds | 0 | 2 | 1 |

### Markets 56–285

#### Markets 56–115

| Market | Country | Suburb of | T1 | T2 | T3 |
|--------|---------|-----------|----|----|----|
| 's-Gravenhage | NL | Rotterdam | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Thurrock | GB | London | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Gloucester | GB | Bristol | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Rushmoor | GB | Reading | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| [[se-jarfalla|Järfälla]] | SE | Stockholm | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Grande-Synthe | FR | Lille | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Roissy-en-France | FR | Paris | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Dole | FR | Dijon | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Montigny-lès-Cormeilles | FR | Paris | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Sartrouville | FR | Paris | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois | FR | Paris | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Bayeux | FR | Le Havre | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Saint-Berthevin | FR | Rennes | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Arras | FR | Lille | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Andelnans | FR | Colmar | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Guérande | FR | Nantes | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Béziers | FR | Montpellier | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Ifs | FR | Le Havre | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Rouen | FR | Le Havre | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Angers | FR | Le Mans | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Venette | FR | Amiens | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Mably | FR | Lyon | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Trignac | FR | Nantes | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Estancarbon | FR | Toulouse | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Saint-Marcel | FR | Versailles | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Vendin-le-Vieil | FR | Lille | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Bourgoin-Jallieu | FR | Lyon | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Yvetot | FR | Le Havre | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Douai | FR | Lille | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Louvroil | FR | Valenciennes | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Castelnaudary | FR | Toulouse | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Vitrolles | FR | Marseille | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Lécousse | FR | Rennes | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Chalon-sur-Saône | FR | Dijon | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Redon | FR | Rennes | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Villabé | FR | Paris | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Ploërmel | FR | Rennes | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Wittenheim | FR | Colmar | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Châteaubriant | FR | Rennes | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Vitré | FR | Rennes | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Antibes | FR | Nice | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Dreux | FR | Versailles | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Chartres | FR | Versailles | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Chennevières-sur-Marne | FR | Paris | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Avignon | FR | Nîmes | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Villefranche-sur-Saône | FR | Lyon | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Chalezeule | FR | Dijon | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Bruay-la-Buissière | FR | Lille | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Le Puy-en-Velay | FR | Saint-Étienne | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Givors | FR | Lyon | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Lognes | FR | Paris | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Berck | FR | Amiens | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Saint-Pierre-des-Corps | FR | Le Mans | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Villebon-sur-Yvette | FR | Paris | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Barentin | FR | Le Havre | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Châlons-en-Champagne | FR | Reims | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Puget-sur-Argens | FR | Nice | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Mondeville | FR | Le Havre | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Alès | FR | Nîmes | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Soissons | FR | Reims | 1 | 0 | 0 |

#### Markets 116–175

| Market | Country | Suburb of | T1 | T2 | T3 |
|--------|---------|-----------|----|----|----|
| Saint-Martin-des-Champs | FR | Brest | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Tourville-la-Rivière | FR | Le Havre | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Fayet | FR | Valenciennes | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Arques | FR | Lille | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Haguenau | FR | Strasbourg | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Saint-Maximin | FR | Paris | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Rots | FR | Le Havre | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Tours | FR | Le Mans | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Cesson | FR | Paris | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Chauconin-Neufmontiers | FR | Paris | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Buchelay | FR | Versailles | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Biganos | FR | Bordeaux | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Béthune | FR | Lille | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Noyelles-Godault | FR | Lille | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Schweighouse-sur-Moder | FR | Strasbourg | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Arles | FR | Nîmes | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Sin-le-Noble | FR | Valenciennes | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Saint-André-de-Cubzac | FR | Bordeaux | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Aubagne | FR | Marseille | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Abbeville | FR | Amiens | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Davézieux | FR | Saint-Étienne | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Crépy-en-Valois | FR | Paris | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Pont-Audemer | FR | Le Havre | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Albert | FR | Amiens | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Besançon | FR | Dijon | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Chasse-sur-Rhône | FR | Lyon | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Saint-Dié-des-Vosges | FR | Strasbourg | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Arçonnay | FR | Le Mans | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Wetzlar, Stadt | DE | Frankfurt | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Albstadt, Stadt | DE | Ulm | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Nördlingen, GKSt | DE | Augsburg | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Pforzheim, Stadt | DE | Karlsruhe | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Hameln, Stadt | DE | Hannover | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Neckarsulm, Stadt | DE | Stuttgart | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Kamen, Stadt | DE | Dortmund | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Baden-Baden, Stadt | DE | Karlsruhe | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Neuwied, Stadt | DE | Cologne | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Konstanz, Universitätsstadt | DE | Ulm | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Passau | DE | Linz | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Riesa, Stadt | DE | Dresden | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Nagold, Stadt | DE | Stuttgart | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Landsberg am Lech, GKSt | DE | Augsburg | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Hildesheim, Stadt | DE | Hannover | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Halberstadt, Stadt | DE | Magdeburg | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Speyer, Stadt | DE | Mannheim | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Fredersdorf-Vogelsdorf | DE | Berlin | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Erding, GKSt | DE | Munich | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Gießen, Universitätsstadt | DE | Frankfurt | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Remscheid, Stadt | DE | Düsseldorf | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Sindelfingen, Stadt | DE | Stuttgart | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Königs Wusterhausen, Stadt | DE | Berlin | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Freising, GKSt | DE | Munich | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Sankt Augustin, Stadt | DE | Cologne | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Goslar, Stadt | DE | Braunschweig | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Nürtingen, Stadt | DE | Stuttgart | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Bornheim, Stadt | DE | Cologne | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Essingen | DE | Stuttgart | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Leer (Ostfriesland), Stadt | DE | Groningen | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Schwedt/Oder, Stadt | DE | Cottbus | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Offenburg, Stadt | DE | Strasbourg | 1 | 0 | 0 |

#### Markets 176–235

| Market | Country | Suburb of | T1 | T2 | T3 |
|--------|---------|-----------|----|----|----|
| Bad Nauheim, Stadt | DE | Frankfurt | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Traunstein, GKSt | DE | Salzburg | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Alzey, Stadt | DE | Wiesbaden | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Donauwörth, GKSt | DE | Augsburg | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Kulmbach, GKSt | DE | Nürnberg | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Schwentinental, Stadt | DE | Lübeck | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Koblenz, Stadt | DE | Wiesbaden | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Friedrichshafen, Stadt | DE | Ulm | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Pirmasens, Stadt | DE | Karlsruhe | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Neumarkt i.d.OPf., GKSt | DE | Nürnberg | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Düren, Stadt | DE | Aachen | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Lüneburg, Hansestadt | DE | Hamburg | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Mönchengladbach, Stadt | DE | Düsseldorf | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Straubing | DE | Regensburg | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Lippstadt, Stadt | DE | Bielefeld | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Lahr/Schwarzwald, Stadt | DE | Strasbourg | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Kleve, Stadt | DE | Nijmegen | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Amberg | DE | Regensburg | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Neu-Ulm, GKSt | DE | Ulm | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Schorndorf, Stadt | DE | Stuttgart | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Schwäbisch Gmünd, Stadt | DE | Stuttgart | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Weilheim i.OB, St | DE | Munich | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Weimar, Stadt | DE | Halle | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Hamm, Stadt | DE | Dortmund | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Bad Kreuznach, Stadt | DE | Wiesbaden | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Gifhorn, Stadt | DE | Braunschweig | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Weiden i.d.OPf. | DE | Regensburg | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Bocholt, Stadt | DE | Essen | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Nienburg (Weser), Stadt | DE | Hannover | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Schwäbisch Hall, Stadt | DE | Stuttgart | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Papenburg, Stadt | DE | Groningen | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Memmingen | DE | Ulm | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Sinsheim, Stadt | DE | Mannheim | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Weiterstadt, Stadt | DE | Darmstadt | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Buxtehude, Hansestadt | DE | Hamburg | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Belm | DE | Bielefeld | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Weinheim, Stadt | DE | Mannheim | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Forchheim, GKSt | DE | Nürnberg | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Kiel, Landeshauptstadt | DE | Lübeck | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Stadt | DE | Mannheim | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Bad Oeynhausen, Stadt | DE | Bielefeld | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| San Sebastián de los Reyes | ES | Madrid | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Castelló de la Plana | ES | Valencia | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Las Rozas de Madrid | ES | Madrid | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Gavà | ES | Barcelona | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Badia del Vallès | ES | Barcelona | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Elche | ES | Alicante | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Rivas-Vaciamadrid | ES | Madrid | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Parets del Vallès | ES | Barcelona | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Alcalá de Henares | ES | Madrid | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Getafe | ES | Madrid | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Ferrol | ES | A Coruña | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Talavera de la Reina | ES | Toledo | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Orihuela | ES | Alicante | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Jaén | ES | Granada | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Finestrat | ES | Alicante | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Xàtiva | ES | Valencia | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| La Spezia | IT | Genoa | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Castelletto sopra Ticino | IT | Milan | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Lecco | IT | Milan | 1 | 0 | 0 |

#### Markets 236–285

| Market | Country | Suburb of | T1 | T2 | T3 |
|--------|---------|-----------|----|----|----|
| Brescia | IT | Verona | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Cremona | IT | Milan | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Curno | IT | Milan | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Mantova | IT | Verona | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Ravenna | IT | Bologna | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Padova | IT | Venice | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Milazzo | IT | Messina | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Viterbo | IT | Rome | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Molfetta | IT | Bari | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Terni | IT | Rome | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Modena | IT | Bologna | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Trento | IT | Verona | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Benevento | IT | Naples | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Tarnów | PL | Kraków | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Piotrków Trybunalski | PL | Łódź | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Żory | PL | Gliwice | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Piaseczno | PL | Warsaw | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Tychy | PL | Katowice | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Lubin | PL | Wrocław | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Ostrołęka | PL | Łomża | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Nowy Targ | PL | Kraków | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Zell am See | AT | Salzburg | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Steyr | AT | Linz | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Bregenz | AT | Ulm | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Maastricht | NL | Liège | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Roermond | NL | Eindhoven | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Santa Maria, São Pedro e Matacães | PT | Lisbon | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| União das freguesias de Sintra | PT | Lisbon | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| União das freguesias de Palhais e Coina | PT | Lisbon | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Stevenage | GB | Luton | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| [[gb-eng-york|York]] | GB | Leeds | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Redbridge | GB | London | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Wakefield | GB | Leeds | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Ipswich | GB | Cambridge | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| East Hertfordshire | GB | Luton | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| North Lincolnshire | GB | Sheffield | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Herefordshire | GB | Birmingham | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Carmarthenshire | GB | Swansea | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Peterborough | GB | Cambridge | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| High Peak | GB | Manchester | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Huntingdonshire | GB | Cambridge | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Darlington | GB | Newcastle | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| East Staffordshire | GB | Birmingham | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Mid Sussex | GB | Brighton | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Mendip | GB | Bath | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Kolding | DK | Odense | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Vejle | DK | Odense | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Rudersdal | DK | Copenhagen | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Viersen, Stadt | DE | Düsseldorf | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| 285 | *(vacant — see note below)* | — | — | — | — | — | — |

### Markets 286–331

| Market | Country | Suburb of | T1 | T2 | T3 |
|--------|---------|-----------|----|----|----|
| Breda | NL | Rotterdam | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Liverpool | GB | Wigan | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Osnabrück, Stadt | DE | Bielefeld | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Havering | GB | London | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Enfield | GB | London | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Sefton | GB | Wigan | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Havant | GB | Southampton | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Stroud | GB | Bristol | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| [[gb-eng-warrington|Warrington]] | GB | Wigan | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Newport | GB | Cardiff | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Saint Edmundsbury | GB | Cambridge | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Colchester | GB | Cambridge | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Warwick | GB | Birmingham | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Lincoln | GB | Nottingham | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Cheltenham | GB | Bristol | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Stoke-on-Trent | GB | Manchester | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Stafford | GB | Birmingham | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Chelmsford | GB | London | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Mole Valley | GB | London | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Swindon | GB | Oxford | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Barnsley | GB | Sheffield | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Taunton Deane | GB | Cardiff | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Perthshire and Kinross | GB | Dundee | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| South Somerset | GB | Bath | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Doncaster | GB | Sheffield | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Basingstoke and Deane | GB | Reading | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Saint-Nazaire | FR | Nantes | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Valence | FR | Saint-Étienne | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Cholet | FR | Nantes | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Saint-Malo | FR | Rennes | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Martigues | FR | Marseille | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Mandelieu-la-Napoule | FR | Nice | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Celle, Stadt | DE | Hannover | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Nordhorn, Stadt | DE | Münster | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Gütersloh, Stadt | DE | Bielefeld | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Heidenheim an der Brenz, Stadt | DE | Augsburg | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Aschaffenburg | DE | Darmstadt | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Moers, Stadt | DE | Essen | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Singen (Hohentwiel), Stadt | DE | Ulm | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Wilhelmshaven, Stadt | DE | Bremen | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Lucca | IT | Florence | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Como | IT | Milan | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Gdynia | PL | Gdańsk | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Nowy Sącz | PL | Kraków | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Wels | AT | Linz | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Zwolle | NL | Nijmegen | 0 | 1 | 1 |

### Markets 332–364

| Market | Country | Suburb of | T1 | T2 | T3 |
|--------|---------|-----------|----|----|----|
| Täby | SE | Stockholm | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Helsingborg | SE | Copenhagen | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Uddevalla | SE | Gothenburg | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Høje-Taastrup | DK | Copenhagen | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Le Pontet | FR | Nîmes | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Claye-Souilly | FR | Paris | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Crêches-sur-Saône | FR | Lyon | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Stadthagen, Stadt | DE | Hannover | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Meerane, Stadt | DE | Leipzig | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Pfungstadt, Stadt | DE | Wiesbaden | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Kerpen, Kolpingstadt | DE | Cologne | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Hückelhoven, Stadt | DE | Aachen | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Henstedt-Ulzburg | DE | Hamburg | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Wolfsburg, Stadt | DE | Braunschweig | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Traunreut, St | DE | Salzburg | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Fuengirola | ES | Málaga | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Nigrán | ES | Braga | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Villesse | IT | Trieste | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Casamassima | IT | Bari | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Poczesna | PL | Katowice | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Rumia | PL | Gdańsk | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Wiener Neustadt | AT | Vienna | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| St. Pölten | AT | Vienna | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Horn | AT | Vienna | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Tilburg | NL | Eindhoven | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Leeuwarden | NL | Groningen | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Zoetermeer | NL | Rotterdam | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Ede | NL | Nijmegen | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Haarlemmermeer | NL | Amsterdam | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Alkmaar | NL | The Hague | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Heerhugowaard | NL | The Hague | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Dordrecht | NL | Rotterdam | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Fürstenwalde/Spree, Stadt | DE | Berlin | 0 | 2 | 0 |

### Markets 365–400

| Market | Country | Suburb of | T1 | T2 | T3 |
|--------|---------|-----------|----|----|----|
| Spelthorne | GB | London | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Bexley | GB | London | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Wirral | GB | Wigan | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [[gb-eng-cherwell|Cherwell]] | GB | Oxford | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Kingston upon Hull | GB | Leeds | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Medway | GB | London | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Arun | GB | Brighton | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| [[gb-eng-northampton|Northampton]] | GB | Coventry | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Eastbourne | GB | Brighton | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Bedford | GB | Luton | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| La Roche-sur-Yon | FR | Nantes | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Iserlohn, Stadt | DE | Dortmund | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Backnang, Stadt | DE | Stuttgart | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Ravensburg, Stadt | DE | Ulm | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Hagen, Stadt | DE | Dortmund | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Jerez de la Frontera | ES | Cádiz | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Torrejón de Ardoz | ES | Madrid | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Arnhem | NL | Nijmegen | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Dartford | GB | London | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Pembrokeshire | GB | Swansea | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Wycombe | GB | Reading | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| West Oxfordshire | GB | Oxford | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| West Berkshire | GB | Reading | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Walsall | GB | Birmingham | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Mansfield | GB | Nottingham | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Ashfield | GB | Nottingham | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Tunbridge Wells | GB | Brighton | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Forest Heath | GB | Cambridge | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Epping Forest | GB | London | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Braintree | GB | Cambridge | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Stratford-on-Avon | GB | Birmingham | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| West Lindsey | GB | Sheffield | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Cotswold | GB | Bath | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Sevenoaks | GB | London | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| East Ayrshire | GB | Glasgow | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Cannock Chase | GB | Birmingham | 0 | 1 | 0 |


**Data correction note (2026-07-16):** list position 285 previously listed "Auch, ES" — a duplicate
of the genuine position-15 entry (Auch, France, a suburb of Toulouse), entered a second time
under a corrupted country code. Auch is a real French market and does not have a Spanish
counterpart; the duplicate has been removed rather than left in place or replaced with an
invented market. Position 285 is intentionally vacant pending a genuine 400th market from
project-gis's live regional-markets qualification export — inventing a replacement name
here would misstate real data. The country tally below reflects 399 verified distinct
markets across the remaining 399 filled positions.
European Tier 1 compositions differ from North American ones by anchor identity rather than by
structure. In Central European markets the triad is typically anchored by a Kaufland or Globus
hypermarket, a Hornbach or Bauhaus hardware anchor, and a MediaMarkt or Saturn electronics anchor.
In the United Kingdom a Tesco Extra or Sainsbury's superstore fills the hypermarket position, with
Wickes or B&Q as hardware anchor.

The four hundred European markets carry 545 co-location clusters between them — 388 Tier 1, 36
Tier 2, and 121 Tier 3 — an average of 1.36 clusters per market. Tier 1 presence is close to
universal: 358 of the four hundred markets carry at least one Tier 1 cluster, and only 28 carry
Tier 3 clusters alone.

## Geography

The set spans 108 distinct metropolitan reference points. Stockholm is the reference point for 16
entries, Budapest for 13, and Košice and Milan for 10 each. Tampere carries nine, and Brno,
Gliwice, and Madrid eight each.

Recorded reference distances run from 12 to 467 kilometres, with a median of 74. A little over half
the set — 232 of 400 markets — sits within 80 kilometres of its reference point, and 46 sits beyond
150. The long tail is concentrated in countries whose nearest reference point lies outside their own
borders: Croatia's median reference distance is 189 kilometres, Finland's 141, and Sweden's 136.

## Country Breakdown

| Country | Count | Notes |
|---------|-------|-------|
| Germany (DE) | 124 | Polycentric urban system; Rhine-Ruhr, Rhine-Neckar, and Saxon-Thuringian corridors dominant |
| France (FR) | 102 | Île-de-France and provincial city rings; Le Havre metro generates notable cluster density |
| [[atlas-united-kingdom|United Kingdom (GB)]] | 81 | London commuter belt, Midlands, and Scottish Central Belt |
| [[atlas-spain|Spain (ES)]] | 22 | Madrid and Barcelona suburban rings; OSM coverage thinner outside these cores |
| [[atlas-italy|Italy (IT)]] | 21 | Po Valley suburban municipalities; Turin and Milan rings |
| [[atlas-poland|Poland (PL)]] | 16 | Upper Silesian Industrial Region suburbs; Katowice and Łódź rings |
| Netherlands (NL) | 14 | Randstad outer suburban ring; Rotterdam and Amsterdam commuter municipalities |
| Austria (AT) | 7 | Vienna suburban ring |
| Denmark (DK) | 5 | Copenhagen and Aarhus suburban municipalities |
| Sweden (SE) | 4 | Stockholm suburban ring |
| Portugal (PT) | 3 | Lisbon suburban ring |
Counts are the published result of the continental cutoff. The qualifying-pool column shows how many
markets in each country cleared a composition gate before the 400-market cap was applied.

| Country | Markets | Qualifying pool | T1 | T2 | T3 | Median reference distance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [[atlas-italy|Italy]] | 62 | 108 | 57 | 2 | 37 | 63 km |
| [[atlas-spain|Spain]] | 55 | 79 | 53 | 2 | 13 | 77 km |
| [[atlas-united-kingdom|United Kingdom]] | 55 | 161 | 58 | 9 | 24 | 37 km |
| [[atlas-poland|Poland]] | 55 | 75 | 60 | 3 | 5 | 70 km |
| Sweden | 32 | 39 | 32 | 6 | 4 | 136 km |
| Czechia | 27 | 45 | 21 | 1 | 14 | 64 km |
| Finland | 19 | 21 | 18 | 3 | 4 | 141 km |
| Hungary | 19 | 19 | 19 | 0 | 4 | 95 km |
| Slovakia | 16 | 24 | 13 | 0 | 6 | 84 km |
| Romania | 13 | 15 | 11 | 2 | 2 | 100 km |
| Bulgaria | 11 | 11 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 79 km |
| Denmark | 11 | 26 | 11 | 4 | 0 | 57 km |
| [[atlas-croatia|Croatia]] | 9 | 11 | 12 | 2 | 2 | 189 km |
| [[atlas-norway|Norway]] | 9 | 9 | 8 | 1 | 3 | 107 km |
| [[atlas-greece|Greece]] | 7 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 138 km |
| **Total** | **400** | **650** | **388** | **36** | **121** | — |

Italy leads on published markets at 62, but the United Kingdom has by far the deepest qualifying
pool at 161 — the widest gap between qualifying and published in the set. Hungary, Bulgaria,
Norway, and Greece publish their entire qualifying pool, having no markets held back by the cap.

## Catchment Data Coverage

Catchment population is recorded for 259 of the four hundred European markets. It is absent for the
remaining 141. Sweden, Finland, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, and Norway have no catchment population
for any market. Hungary, Czechia, Denmark, and Slovakia carry partial coverage. Consumer-spend
coverage is thinner still, absent for 178 markets and including partial gaps in Italy and Spain.

These are disclosed gaps in the underlying census and spend source data, not omissions in this
list. A market without a catchment figure is stated as such rather than presented as zero.

## A Note on Cluster Density

European Regional Markets typically carry fewer co-location clusters per market than their North American counterparts. This reflects structural differences in European retail geography rather than weaker markets. European LAU-2 municipalities are significantly smaller geographic units than United States incorporated places, so a European suburb typically contains fewer co-location clusters even when its underlying retail density is comparable per square kilometre. The suburban-regional definition was designed to surface genuine commuter-belt markets at the appropriate geographic resolution for each continent.
European Regional Markets carry fewer co-location clusters per market than their North American
counterparts — 1.36 against 1.77. This reflects structural differences in retail geography rather
than weaker markets. European LAU-2 municipalities are significantly smaller geographic units than
United States incorporated places, so a European settlement typically contains fewer clusters even
where underlying retail density per square kilometre is comparable.

## Data Sources and Methodology

Co-location data is drawn from OpenStreetMap (ODbL licence) filtered by Wikidata chain identifiers, supplemented by civic-anchor records from the Overture Maps Foundation Places dataset (CDLA Permissive 2.0). Municipal boundaries are from Eurostat GISCO LAU 2021. Cluster boundaries are computed by a two-pass DBSCAN algorithm. Metropolitan reference centroids are drawn from approximately 160 major European metropolitan areas.
Co-location data is drawn from OpenStreetMap (ODbL licence) filtered by Wikidata chain identifiers,
supplemented by civic-anchor records from the Overture Maps Foundation Places dataset (CDLA
Permissive 2.0). Municipal boundaries are from Eurostat GISCO LAU 2021. Cluster boundaries are
computed by a two-pass DBSCAN algorithm.

The suburban-regional classification (15–80 km from the nearest major metro centroid) is a filter applied before qualification, not a component of any published score. Every market in this list is already in the suburban band.
The published set is a curated editorial selection derived from the live Regional Markets layer. It
does not replace or alter that layer, which remains unranked and uncurated at its full qualifying
count.

For full methodology, see [[about-regional-markets-system|Regional Markets Intelligence System]]. The North American equivalent list is at [[atlas-top-400-north-america|Top 400 Regional Markets — North America]].
For full methodology, see [[about-regional-markets-system|Regional Markets Intelligence System]].
The North American equivalent list is at
[[atlas-top-400-north-america|Top 400 Regional Markets — North America]].

---

*Reference data current as of 30 May 2026. Sources: OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL); Overture Maps Foundation (CDLA Permissive 2.0); Eurostat GISCO LAU 2021.*
*Reference data from the 2026-08-07 dataset build. Sources: OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL);
Overture Maps Foundation (CDLA Permissive 2.0); Eurostat GISCO LAU 2021.*

## See Also